First-generation status in context, part three: Exploring the complexities of detailed parental education

Using data from more than 1.3 million first-year applicants in the 2022–2023 cycle, the analysis compares first-generation and continuing-generation students. It examines key areas, including academic readiness, financial circumstances, and application behavior. The findings highlight persistent equity gaps that shape first-generation students’ pathways to higher education.

Key findings include:

• First-generation applicants were less likely to have completed advanced coursework such as AP or IB classes compared to their continuing-generation peers.
• More than half (53%) of first-generation applicants requested a Common App fee waiver, compared to just 10% of continuing-generation applicants.
• First-generation students submitted fewer applications on average and were more likely to apply to less selective institutions.
• First-generation applicants reported lower average SAT scores, reflecting broader disparities in access to preparation and resources.

These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the structural barriers facing first-generation students. By considering these differences, institutions can better design supports that foster equity and expand access to higher education.